Thereafter, during the blood stage of infection, HO-1 acts in different cell compartments to prevent the developemnt of experimental CM (Pamplona et al, 2007; Ferreira et al, 2008; Jeney et al, 2014) and in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (Ramos et al, 2022), to prevent the development of AKI, a major independent risk factor of malaria mortality in children and adults (Sitprija, 1988; Trang et al, 1992; Mishra & Das, 2008; Plewes et al, 2017; Cruz et al, 2018; Katsoulis et al, 2021; Wu et al, 2023). This evidence concerns the gene HMOX1 and acute kidney injury.