The age-dependent protective effect of HP and/or HPX against malaria AKI in mice (Figs 6–9) and the inverse correlation of HPX and heme with renal impairment in P. falciparum malaria (Fig 9C and D) are consistent with the age-dependent increase in susceptibility to renal impairment in P. falciparum malaria (Dondorp et al, 2008). Here, HP is linked to malaria.