PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: NSCLC, as one of the most common and deadliest malignancies worldwide, also benefits from blocking the immune checkpoints PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 alone or in combination with SOC.29 Approximately 20–30% of NSCLC patients respond to ICI treatment and several studies continue to evaluate combination therapies to improve the response rate.29 Despite the progress observed, response to ICI is not always compared equally to the response reported by clinical trials.