TGFB1 and neoplasm: In murine EMT6 breast and MC38 colon cancer models, the combination of NC410 and an anti-PD-L1/anti-TGF-β fusion protein antibody (bintrafusp alfa, formerly M7824) improved antitumor activity by remodeling the collagen matrix, enhancing T cell tumor infiltration, and skewing the tumor-associated macrophages from the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to immune-favorable M1 (Figure 2f).32 This preclinical study underscores the valuable contribution of targeting the extracellular matrix in facilitating ICI therapy.