TNF and acute liver failure: As for other kinds of liver diseases, TNF-α-targeting aptamer can attenuate the degree of hepatocyte damage and potentiate early regeneration of the liver tissues in TNF-α-mediated acute liver failure [30], and aptamer-functionalized ultrasound nanobubbles with resveratrol and ultra-small copper-based nanoparticles can treat non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases [84].