HSPA4 and cancer: To delve deeper into the biological roles and significance of HSPA4 across diverse tumor tissues, we employed the GSEA approach, meticulously analyzing 12 distinct cancer types, namely ESAD, GBM, HNSC, KIRC, LIHC, LUAD, OSCC, PAAD, STAD, BRCA, CESC, and COAD (Supplementary Figure 4A–4L).