TNF and cancer: Next, to ascertain the relevance of particular soluble factor(s) in promoting early expression of drug resistance phenomenon, we examined MDSC supernatant for an array of cytokines and growth factors like IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-1β, VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ by ELISA, and keeping cancer cell (Jurkat) supernatant as a control (Figure 4G).