HAVCR1 and kidney disorder: Kim-1 level corresponds to the severity of kidney injury, and various kidney diseases are associated with tubular injury, such as acute kidney injury (AKI) (Bellomo et al., 2012), lupus nephritis (LN) (Lan-Ting et al., 2020), diabetic nephropathy (DN) (Liu et al., 2023), membranous nephropathy (MN) (Huang et al., 2021), and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) (Lai et al., 2005).