CDKN2A and breast carcinoma: For example, hypermethylation has been found in the breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and target of methylation-induced silencing 1 (TMS1) gene promoters in breast cancer cells (17), the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), Ras association domain family member 1 (RASSF1A) gene promoters in lung cancer cells (18) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene promoter in colon cancer cells (19).