These observations, coupled with the upregulation of specific cytokines in our hfOBSC, align with a previous study that demonstrated the amplification of TNFα production by type I interferon leading to necroptotic cell death [74], which explains the observation that both HSV-infected and surrounding uninfected cells are undergoing cell death in the brain of HSE patients [43, 74]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and herpes simplex encephalitis.