The methylation levels of CpG sites in the 12 genes could be used to distinguish between normal, cirrhotic, and HCC livers, which was possible with CpG sites in KAZN, ZBTB38, FOXK1, and ZC3H3. The methylation levels of the CpG sites in the 12 or 4 genes could not distinguish between alcoholism- and HCV-derived liver disease. Here, ZC3H3 is linked to alcohol dependence.