ASAH2 and neoplasm: In addition, both the tumor growth rate and exhausted T cells in Rag1−/−NcDase−/−mice receiving NcDase deficient CD8+ T cells (Rag1−/−NcDase−/−CD8NCKO) was also higher than in the Rag1−/− mice receiving NcDase deficient CD8+ T cells (Supplementary Fig. 3f, g), suggesting there is a promotive effect in Rag1−/−NcDase−/−mice regardless of the status of NcDase in CD8+ T cells.