In addition, transcriptomic data from the public TCGA CRC cohort of TIMER2.0 database and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining data from the HPA database further confirmed the high expression of COL12A1, THBS2, S100A8, and S100A9 in CRC (Supplementary Fig. 2B, C). Here, THBS2 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.