We also explored the predictive efficacy of the four proteins (COL12A1, THBS2, S100A8, and S100A9) in multi-cancer cohort composed of 115 plasma samples from 95 patients with treatment-naive patients with various cancer types and 20 HCs, and two public cohorts related to the non-malignant diseases. The gene discussed is COL12A1; the disease is cancer.