Studies have found that GINS1 is downregulated in one subtype of human cancer and typically upregulated in 23 different subtypes, with the upregulation of GINS1 significantly correlating with poorer overall survival in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) [29]. Here, GINS1 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.