Also, it is likely that this will be exacerbated by a range of maternal inflammatory and immune diseases, many of which are known to be associated with enhanced levels of plasma CXCL12 (Cruz-Orengo et al., 2011; Hansen et al., 2006; He et al., 2016; Ikawa et al., 2021). The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is immune system disorder.