ATF3 and breast cancer: Further, upregulated ATF3 was observed to be vital for TGF-β1 to increase the expression of its Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-related genes, including snail, slug, and twist, hence increasing BC cell motility (Yin et al. 2010; Ku et al. 2020; Yan et al. 2021).