CASR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, aberrant high expression of CASR is observed in inflammation, vascular calcification, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension and obesity (Sundararaman and van der Vorst, 2021), and the Xiphophorus ortholog of CASR is overexpressed in the X. maculatus/X. hellerii hybrid.