,118 The release of mtDNA into the cytosol induces cytosolic mtDNA stress, consequently promoting the infiltration of CCL2-induced tumor-associated macrophages and HCC progression,119 suggesting that mtDNA may be a potential novel non-invasive biomarker to evaluate the risk of progression to cirrhosis and HCC in patients with HBV. Here, CCL2 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.