TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For example, D. indusiata polysaccharides (DIPs) could maintain intestinal integrity and alleviate HFD-induced obesity by significantly reducing the levels of LPS and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; interleukin-1β, IL-1β; interleukin-6, IL-6; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) and enhancing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4, IL-4; interleukin-10, IL-10) (161, 162).