Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed, and the following variables were found to have a P-value < 0.25: age, sex, ethnicity, cluster, age of diabetes diagnosis, duration of retinopathy, smoking status, diagnosis of nephropathy, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, urine protein, insulin, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins. Here, INS is linked to Nephropathy.