TGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC, growth factor receptors (e.g., EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor; IGFR, insulin-like growth factor receptor; TGFA, transforming growth factor alpha; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor), cytoplasmic intermediates (e.g., PI3K-AKT-mTOR, RAF/ERK/MAPK) and key pathways in cell differentiation (e.g., Hippo, Hedgehog, Notch, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin) represent the most common altered mechanisms (27).