The involvement of IM in IRI is clearer due to studies using Ccr2 deficient mice, which are unable to mobilize Ly6chi monocytes out of the bone marrow and to the site of injury.131 In particular, Ccr2 knockout mice were protected from IRI-induced kidney damage.132,133 The protective effect of IM deficiency after IRI was mainly attributable to reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines in the kidney, including IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α. This evidence concerns the gene CCR2 and Nephropathy.