TGFB1 and hydrops fetalis: We also observed that the mRNA expression levels of two members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway for fibroblast differentiation, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, were overexpressed in HF patients (FC = 2.16, p < 0.05, FC = 1.21, p < 0.05; respectively) (Fig. 3A).