Since the cooperation between SOX4 and KLF5 has been suggested as a molecular mechanism that drives tumorigenesis in SMAD4 defect pancreatic cancer cells [47], we postulated that Ep_VGLL1 represents cancer cells in SMAD4-deficient oncogenic processes driven by TGF-β. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.