In oligodendrocyte precursor cells, the CEBPB module was upregulated in OUD (FDR = 0.031; Fig. 5b, e), with prior studies showing diverse functions of CEBPB in proinflammatory states92 and the direct regulation of APOE in Alzheimer’s disease-related pathologies93,94. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.