ACE and atrial fibrillation: Univariate predictors of all-cause mortality included pacing dependency, age, female gender, arterial hypertension, history of atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30%, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV, the presence of coronary artery disease, the need for diuretics and the lack of ACE inhibitor or angiotensin blocker therapy (Table 2).