With respect to astrocytes, GBM EVs stimulate astrocyte release of a huge amount of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines (few examples are TNFα, CCL20, IL10 and CCL2, see above) (Oushy et al., 2018), that mediate autocrine effect promoting astrocytes migration and paracrine effects inducing tumor cells migration and invasion (Kucharzewska et al., 2013; Mu et al., 2013; Taheri et al., 2018). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is neoplasm.