Furthermore, LR COVID-PF had increased expression of HLA-DRA in CD8+ T effector cells (padj-value=1.265E-14, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test with Bonferroni correction) and a significantly higher percentage of CD8+ T cells co-expressing HLA-DR+ and CD38+ (p=0.0273) when compared to IPF (Figure 5G; Supplementary Figure E5F). This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.