INS and diabetes mellitus: Finally, considering the homeostasis of a cell at a macro level (as the whole body/system), greater medical interventions are needed to tilt the hemostasis toward the normal range via medications (e.g., insulin, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and exercise) and surgery (e.g., heart surgery/chemotherapy) when there is imbalance of glucose (e.g., diabetes), lipids (e.g., heart disease), and lifestyle changes (e.g., cigarette smoking).