The most recent study regarding the interplay between HPV16 and autophagy in HNSCC, reported an increase of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at Ser409 in ULK1 upon infection with HPV16 E6/E7-expressing lentiviral constructs (Shi et al. 2022). Here, ULK1 is linked to infection.