By integrating expression data of surface markers (i.e. HLA-DR, CD11c, CD14, CD16, CD4, CD38, CD123, CCR4, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR5, PD-L1) from patients with VEXAS, VEXAS-like, MDS and healthy controls and subjecting them to dimensionality reduction using non-supervised Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP)11 (Fig. 2B, C), we analyzed monocyte subsets from all patient groups. Here, CD4 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.