INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of preventable mortality and morbidity among non-communicable diseases.3 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders globally, which is characterized by inadequate insulin production by pancreatic cells.4 Globally, diabetes prevalence was 9.3% (463 million adults) in 2019.5 In the context of Nepal, the prevalence of diabetes was 8.4%.6