Additionally, a large body of literature has shown that LPS-induced activation of TLR4 is an early signaling event in LPS-induced ALI models, initiating various signaling pathways, including NF-κΒ and MAPK, further leading to the production of inflammatory mediators (Na et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2022; Yue et al., 2023). Here, TLR4 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.