The utilization of Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), EGR1, PFKL, and Ki67 staining on liver samples provided confirmation that AAV-EGR1 intervention resulted in a decrease in PFKL expression and a reduction in the proportion of Ki67 positive cells (Fig. 7E). Additionally, the implementation of in vitro human hepatoma organoid models further validated the inhibitory effects of AAV-EGR1 on human hepatoma organoid growth (Fig. 7F). This evidence concerns the gene PFKL and hepatocellular carcinoma.