TNF and brain ischemia: The results of the network pharmacological studies are similar to the anti-ischemic encephalopathy mechanisms of the active ingredients of the purgative herbs that we have listed, some of which protect cerebrovascular tissues directly by improving vascular permeability and reducing the area of infarcted tissues, whereas others produce protective effects through molecular signalling pathways (Calcium, PI3K-Ak, MAPK, cAMP, IL-17, HIF-1, TNF, T cell receptor, NF-kappa B, and JAK-STAT).