TBK1 and infection: Cytoplasmic complexes consisting of endogenous TBK1 with IRF3 (the red signal) were observed in HepG2 cells treated with poly(I:C), which induces the activation of the RIG-I signal cascade and IRF3 phosphorylation, and poly(I:C)-induced TBK1:IRF3 complexes were significantly reduced by EBOV trVLPs infection (Figure 3A, B).