FN1 and endothelial dysfunction: Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial cell proliferation, and angiogenesis were observed in the presence of EDB-FN (Khan et al. 2005). EDB-FN is being investigated as a promising therapeutic target for promoting cell proliferation to address endothelial dysfunction caused by diabetes (Khan and Chakrabarti 2006; Lemańska-Perek and Adamik 2019).