TJP1 and temporal lobe epilepsy: At the same time, reduction of the expression of TJs markers such as ZO-1 and leakage of serum proteins into the cerebral parenchyma have been found in the hippocampi of patients with pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE; 31); moreover, sustained epileptic activity is known to cause cytokines and glutamate release, which contribute to BBB damage (4).