Relatively low BNP levels predict an increased risk of left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure in patients with diabetes, while the threshold of BNP was ≥ 50 pg/mL and that of N-terminal prohormone BNP was ≥ 125 pg/mL (Ledwidge et al., 2013, Pop-Busui et al., 2022). Here, NPPB is linked to heart failure.