AR and urinary bladder cancer: One type of cancer that has been connected to sex steroid hormones and the receptors on the surface of cells that they bind to is bladder cancer (Gakis and Stenzl, 2013; Xu et al., 2013), future research directions could focus on molecular mechanisms underlying gender-related incidence rate differences and develop potential therapies for bladder cancer targeting the androgen-AR signaling pathway or identifying patient populations that may benefit the most from preventive treatments.