Mechanistically, the bacterial extract from patients with NAFLD-HCC compared with that from patients with NAFLD-cirrhosis and non-NAFLD controls significantly increased the frequency of Tregs but decreased the frequencies of CD8+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes, and CD19+CD20+ B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from non-NAFLD controls [60]. Here, CD8A is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.