The BMP/SMAD pathway has similar effects that are specific to hepcidin upregulation in microglia (76), and the CHOP pathway has been shown to play a role in pathology after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in adult rodents via its effect of upregulating hepcidin expression in neurons (84), thereby preventing iron export out of neurons, increasing neuronal iron content, and inducing apoptosis. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and subarachnoid hemorrhage.