AR and oligospermia: In addition, the gene encoding androgen receptor (AR) has been linked to androgen insensitivity syndrome, also known as testicular feminization syndrome (Shang et al., 2002); mutations in the AR gene complex are linked to increased risk of male infertility, oligospermia, hypospadias, and other transcription‐dependent reproductive abnormalities in males (Hiort et al., 2000; Keil et al., 2014).