CCL5 and neoplasm: Subsequently, chemokines (e.g., CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., type I IFNs, interleukin (IL)-12, GM-CSF, TNF-α) are released to recruit and activate more innate immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, dentritic cells (DCs) and T-cells in the TME to eliminate the infected tumor cells, which can further stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to amplify the initial innate response (28).