Subsequently, chemokines (e.g., CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., type I IFNs, interleukin (IL)-12, GM-CSF, TNF-α) are released to recruit and activate more innate immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, dentritic cells (DCs) and T-cells in the TME to eliminate the infected tumor cells, which can further stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to amplify the initial innate response (28). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.