IL1B and Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection: In accordance, VRSA infection provoked upregulated relative mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and apoptosis-associated genes (caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax) (Shaukat et al., 2021).