FBXO32 and muscular atrophy: We observed that total MAFbx mRNA levels were approximately threefold higher in groups B and V than in group S. Similarly, we also observed that total MuRF1 mRNA levels were more than threefold higher in groups B and V than in group S. Consistent with previous reports of increased expression of the RNA encoding MAFbx15 and MuRF116, our study also observed enhanced RNA expression of MAFbx and MuRF1 in animals with skeletal muscle atrophy.