The most enriched pathways were related to circadian rhythm and melatonin metabolism, cholesterol and lipoprotein remodeling, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway (Fig. 1A), all of which have been implicated in excess adiposity, obesity-related hypertension and diabetes. Here, PPARA is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.