PTMA and lung cancer: Firstly, subcutaneous mouse model of lung cancer was established by subcutaneous injection of 2 × 106 LLC cells into the flank of mice, and further randomly divided into 4 groups to receive PBS (control group), immune adjuvant alone [Poly(I:C) plus thymosin alpha-1], neoantigen peptide alone (a pool containing 7 neoantigen peptides) and neoantigen vaccine (LLCvac) on days 0, 4, and 8 respectively (Fig. 2A).