LTF and infection: Lactoferrin shows different mechanisms for its antiviral activities against the influenza A viruses, bovine lactoferrin prevents virus spread, potentially through the prevention of caspase 3 activity, this enzyme is a cysteinyl protease that has one of the crucial roles in the regulation of apoptosis; furthermore, it has been shown that lactoferrin interacts with influenza A virus hemagglutinin and prevents infection by different H1 and H3 viral subtypes.