The immunomodulatory function of TIM-3 is based on key interactions with TIM-3 ligands (e.g., galectin-9, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1)) expressed on tumor cells or antigen-presenting cells [99]. Here, CEACAM1 is linked to neoplasm.