Moreover, given the significant role of heme oxygen-ase-1 as a target of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant defense system in CKD, the use of phenolic and non-phenolic phytochemicals as activators of the Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway were proposed [23]. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.