INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: For instance, Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma exhibit down-regulatory effects on the mRNA expression of MAPK (P38, ERK, and JNK), while significantly upregulating and enhancing the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt, and Glut2, thereby improving inflammation and insulin resistance in T2DM rats [25].